Rômaic archery
Roman archery
The Romans’ pragmatic acceptance of foreign military techniques where they were of proven effectiveness meant that they learnt very quickly from the nomadic tribes who harried their borders in Late Antiquity. Not only did they rapidly adopt the compact power of the composite recurve bow, they learnt so well that by the mid-sixth century the horse-archer’s thumb-draw was already well established in East Roman use, as is shown in this fragment of mosaic from the floor of the Great Palace of Constantinople. The Stratêgikon attributed to Emperor Maurikios written at the turn or the seventh century contrasts the Roman draw, with that of the Persians.1 The Persian draw is done with the lower three fingers, with the index finger laid along the shaft to lock the arrow in place.
By the same period a wide range of specialty arrowhead could also be employed.2
1: Smaller diamond section mainly for hunting more robust game.
2: Shouldered broadhead for hunting lighter game.
3: Chisel point.
4: General purpose smooth conical pile.
5: Heavy diamond section armour piercing.
6: Hunting broadhead.
7: No, it is not a “strap-cutter” or “rope-cutter”, as popular opinion would have it. These heads were for hunting birds on the wing.
From Eastern Europe across to Asia, including Byzantion (Byzantium) arrows were normally secured to their shafts with a tang rather than a socket as in Western Europe. This method was just as effective, especially in the loose-it-once situation of warfare, and required less construction time and material.
The method used by cavalry to carry arrows also show nomadic influence for they were held point upwards in a barrel quiver hung from the belt, as is shown on the page about the horse archer. Infantry quivers shown in manuscripts are round-bottomed cylinders slung from a shoulder-strap which held the arrow point downwards. In either case a man normally carried 30 to 40 arrows at a time.3 The so-called “Cyprus Expedition” of the mid-tenth century requisitioned a total of 2,000,000 arrows.4
In addition to full sized arrows, Roman (Byzantine) archers would also shoot small arrows or darts down a channel called a sôlênarion.4 Such darts have about double the range of a full sized arrow and are harder to see. They were used as harassing fire against approaching formations. I have had an estimated 500 metres out of an 80lb bow. While a dart would rarely cause severe, let alone fatal, injury, striking a man or horse in the face or eye would be a serious discouragement and help to break up a formation.
See a very short video on the Levantia YouTube channel (new window) of me demonstrating the use of the sôlênarion.
Notes
1) George T. Dennis (tr.) Maurice’s Strategikon, Philadelphia, 1984, pp. 11, 139.
2) Most of these examples are based upon those found at Sardis: Jane C. Waldbaum et al. Metalwork from Sardis, Cambridge, Mass. 1983.
3) Maurice’s Strategikon (tr. Dennis), p. 12;
4) Constantine Porphyrogennêtos, De Cerimoniis Aulae Byzantinae, Johannes Jacob Reiske (ed.), E. Weber, Bonn, 1839.
5) Maurice’s Strategikon (tr. Dennis), p. 139; Taktika of Leo, ch. 5 s. 4; D. Nishimura, ‘Crossbows, Arrow-Guides, and the Solenarion’, Byzantion, 58, 1988, pp. 422-435; George T. Dennis, ‘Flies, Mice and the Byzantine Crossbow’, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 7 (1981), 1-6.